Micro Batch
May 16th, 2011
No comments
Why does not my PS3 let me copy music from my USB?
I use a SanDisk Cruzer Micro U3 to transport my files music from a PC (Dell, Windows Vista) on my PS3. Until recently, this process has worked well until a day, when the system has stopped letting my copy songs from U3. There are no locks or passwords on the key, in fact, when the disk is not working more I had just finished transporting the first batch of new songs. I tear my hair. Does anyone know what I should do?
Perhaps, you're out of space for music. You can check your system settings.
Gurkha Micro Batch Liga C10 Cigar Review Video
|
|
Smart Planet MCM-1 Mini Cupcake Maker $24.99 With the Original Cupcake Factory you can make incredible homemade cupcakes with less energy and in less time than oven baking. It is easy to use and features a nonstick baking tray that releases cupcakes instantly and makes clean-up a breeze. We call it the World’s Fastest Mini Cupcake Maker! Features: Smart Planet MCM-1 Mini Cupcake Maker makes 7 mini cupcakes in just 5 minutes Specialty kitchen… |
|
|
Fresh Roast Coffee Roaster SR 500 $159.00 The Fresh Roast SR 500 coffee roaster is a larger version of the Plus 8. It will roast twice the capacity of the Plus 8 (4 scoops, 120 gm) with a digital time display. The maximum time to set the control is 9.9 minutes however with the great added features at any point during the roast sequence you can add 6 seconds every time you tap the button. Time can also be subtracted using the same method. … |
|
|
Ultimate Wine Making Equipment Starter Kit with 6 Gallon Glass Carboy $179.99 This excellent winemaking kit includes winemaking equipment and a STRANGE BREW Bumper sticker. Our most complete True BrewTM wine equipment kit, this Fine Wine Kit includes a 6 Gallon Glass Carboy and more. See complete contents below. The Fine Wine Kit includes: |
|
|
Wahl 450-087VC Kapton Micro Four Position IC Batch and Vacuum Chamber Temp-Plate, 87-93-98-104 degree C Positions, 0.65 Width x 0.2 Height (Box of 10 labels) $27.90 This specialized Four-Position Temp-Plate is for monitoring overheat conditions directly on the surface of integrated circuits during wafer fabrication. Designed to withstand exposure to high heat, vacuums and corrosive gases when used in the demanding semiconductor industry. IC Batch / Vacuum Temp-Plates are priced, sold, and shipped in packages of 10 labels of the same part number. Unit of measu… |
|
|
Wahl 450-065VC Kapton Micro Four Position IC Batch and Vacuum Chamber Temp-Plate, 65-71-76-82 degree C Positions, 0.65 Width x 0.2 Height (Box of 10 labels) $27.90 This specialized Four-Position Temp-Plate is for monitoring overheat conditions directly on the surface of integrated circuits during wafer fabrication. Designed to withstand exposure to high heat, vacuums and corrosive gases when used in the demanding semiconductor industry. IC Batch / Vacuum Temp-Plates are priced, sold, and shipped in packages of 10 labels of the same part number. Unit of measu… |
|
|
The Bean Coffee Company Organic Pumpkin Spice, Ground, 36-Ounce $18.10 The Bean Coffee Company’s Organic Pumpkin Spice Coffee is fresh- roasted weekly for the best possible brew. Not just for the holidays, this medium roast is rich in antioxidants and has a complex, bold flavor accented by punpkin notes. Like all coffees from The Bean Coffee Company, this 100% Arabica organic coffee was hand roasted in small batches and packaged at the peak of its cycle to preserv… |
|
|
The Bean Coffee Company Organic Holiday Blend, Vanilla Cinnamon, Ground, 36-Ounce $18.00 The Bean Coffee Company’s Organic Vanilla Cinnamon Coffee is fresh- roasted weekly for the best all around brew. This medium roast is rich in antioxidants and has a complex, bold flavor accented by vanilla and cinnamon. Great for the holidays and for and every day drinker. Like all coffees from The Bean Coffee Company, this 100% Arabica organic coffee was hand roasted in small batches and pack… |
|
|
The Bean Coffee Company Organic Ground Coffee, Egg Nog, 2.25-Pound Bag $16.71 Embrace the Holiday Season with The Bean Coffee Company’s Organic Egg Nog flavored coffee. This creamy delight is full of Egg Nog notes and evokes to spirit of the season! Share with friends and family and bring back all of the great memories of home! Like all coffees from The Bean Coffee Company, this 100% Arabica organic coffee was hand roasted in small batches and packaged at the peak of its… |
|
|
Intel Core i7-950 3.06 GHz 8 MB Cache Socket LGA1366 Processor $314.99 Intel Core i7 Quad-core i7-950 3.06GHz Processor BX80601950 Intel Processors… |
|
|
Kodak 4×6 Personal Photo, Slide and Negative Scanner (P461) $109.95 The Kodak P461 Personal Photo Scanner makes it fast and fun to share your favorite prints, from wallet size to 4×6. Also able to scan 35 mm negatives and mounted slides, the P461 saves high resolution digital copes of all your favorite pictures to the included 2GB MicroSD Card for effortless sharing…. |
|
|
Gremlins 2: The New Batch $19.99 Gremlins 2: The New Batch – Poster |
|
|
Spring Batch in Action (Paperback) $66.85 Even though running batch processes is an everyday task in almost all IT departments, Java developers have had few options for writing batch applications. The result? No standards, poor code reusability, numerous in-house solutions, and lots of frustrated developers. Jointly developed by SpringSource and Accenture, Spring Batch fills this critical gap by providing a robust and convenient framework for writing batch applications that process large volumes of information, automate repetitive tasks, and synchronize internal systems. Spring Batch in Action is a comprehensive, in-depth guide to writing batch applications using Spring Batch. Written for developers who have basic knowledge of Java and the Spring lightweight container, it provides both a best-practices approach to writing batch jobs and comprehensive coverage of the Spring Batch framework. |
|
|
A Batch of Biscuits $5.8 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Batch Processes $185.2 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Batch (Hardcover) $63.62 Showcasing international designer-makers in contemporary craft, including ceramics, textiles, wood, glass, precious materials & metals. These designers make small batches of work for retail outlets which are finished to a high standard. The book aims to display their work, from concept to finished product. |
|
|
Batch Distillation (Hardcover) $159.19 "PREFACE The recent increase in the production of high value-added, low-volume specialty chemicals and biochemicals has generated a renewed interest in batch processing technologies. Batch distillation is an important unit operation in the batch processing industry and is widely used. The flexibility of batch distillation combined with the inherent unsteady nature of the process poses challenging design and operation problems. In view of the practical importance and in response to industrial needs for chemical engineers with a strong background in batch processing, more and more educational institutions are redesigning their curricula to include courses devoted to the subject. From both academic and industrial standpoints, therefore, a book dedicated to the subject of batch distillation is of much significance, which is the motivation for the present undertaking. Since the existing books in chemical engineering pertain mainly to continuous processes, with the subject of batch distillation being relegatedto only a small section, the book fills an important void in chemical engineering literature. The book features the following: (a) it introduces the various operating modes in detail, (b) it examines the challenges involved in a rigorous modeling of batch distillation column dynamics, (c) it provides a hierarchy of models of varying complexity and rigor, (d) it presents approaches to optimal design of batch distillation columns and highlight the differences vis-a-vis continuous columns, (e) it describes optimal control problems in batch distillation, and (f) it discusses analysis and synthesis of columns with complex thermodynamics, and complex, unconventional column configurations In addition to presenting an overview of batch distillation design, operation,"– |
|
|
Batch Chemical Process Integration (Hardcover) $480.65 Describes mathematical and graphical techniques for analysis, synthesis and optimization of batch chemical plants. This book covers various techniques in batch process integration with a particular focus on the capabilities of the mathematical techniques. It is suitable for those in batch process integration, engineers and technical managers. |
|
|
Modern Batch Cookery (Hardcover) $42.12 A complete guide to volume cooking for restaurants, caterers, hotels, and other large foodservice operations, Modern Batch Cookery offers up-to-date information with a focus on healthy cooking, nutrition, and smart menu planning. Preparing healthy, high-quality food in volume is a challenge for even the most experienced foodservice professional. The recipes in this cookbook are designed to yield 50 servings and cover every meal part and occasion. The book delivers a refreshing repertoire of delectable dishes, including Gorgonzola and Pear Sandwiches, Tequila-roasted Oysters with Salsa Cruda, Chesapeake-Style Crab Cakes, and many more.Features more than 200 healthy, nutritious, large-batch recipes and includes chapters on Stocks, Soups, and Sauces, Breakfast and Brunch, Salad Dressings, Salads, Sandwiches, Appetizers, Entrees, Side Dishes, Reception Foods, and Baked Goods and Desserts. Provides pertinent information, including conversion charts and a glossary, as well as full-color photos of finished dishes that provide fresh ideas for plating and presentation. Covers all the essentials of menu and recipe development. Modern Batch Cookery is a comprehensive resource for all culinarians and foodservice operators working in (but not limited to) resorts, hotels, college food service, health care, retirement communities, banquet facilities, country clubs, and on-site catering companies. |
|
|
Gremlins 2 – The New Batch $4.69 Rated: PGSynopsis: Where the original Gremlins was a horror film spiked with comedy, Gremlins 2: The New Batch is essentially a black comedy, with a couple of horrifying touches. As the film starts, the fantastical trinket shop in Chinatown, which sold the Mogwai in the first film, is demolished by a crazed multi-media businessman called Daniel Clamp (John Glover). The heroes from the first movie, Billy (Zach Galligan) and Kate (Phoebe Cates), happen to work for Clamp in his huge high-rise. They find the Mogwai within Clamp’s building, but not before he has accidentally spawned legions of mischievous, lizard-like Gremlins. Soon, the Gremlins are wreaking havoc throughout the building. In the original film, their misdeeds were violent, but here they’re also goofy and satirical. Director Joe Dante has filled the film with quick verbal and visual jokes, which, for many, makes Gremlins 2: The New Batch a satire and inversion of the typical horror film. Stephen Thomas ErlewinePRODUCTION AND TECHNICAL NOTES:Presentation: Wide ScreenSound: Dolby Digital SurroundFeatures: More than 20 minutes of never-before-seen footage; audio commentary with director Joe Dante; music video; trivia; theatrical trailers and much more.Language: English, Français, EspañolSubTitles: English, Français, EspañolTime: 1 Hour 47 Minutes |
|
|
The First Batch of Air Raid Wardens Listening to Lectures $99.99 John Phillips The First Batch of Air Raid Wardens Listening to Lectures – Premium Photographic Print |
|
|
Star Magic Batch 9 $7.39 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Star Magic Batch 5 $7.39 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology $133.58 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
The Cuckoos Of Batch Magna $14.95 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Batch and Bio Process Design $126.7 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Bert’s Big Batch of Poems $11.16 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Practical Batch Process Management $61.38 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Troubleshooting the Sequencing Batch Reactor $58.45 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Period Batch Control $516.75 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Batch Distillation: Solutions Manual $33.1 No Synopsis Available |
|
|
Fed-batch Fermentation (Hardcover) $347.05 Description not available. |
|
|
Small-Batch Baking $21.89 What a great idea: recipes for small amounts of baked goods. Now small-family cooks don't have to either produce cookie-jars full of goodies or else painstakingly adjust recipes to suit their needs. Debby Nakos has done it all for you. Here are recipes for a dozen cookies, a few brownies, pies baked in muffin tins, layer cakes baked in tin cans, and much, much more. Who could resist a tiny Pineapple Upside-Down Cake, an Apple Crumble Pie for two, or a couple of Chunky Peanut Butter Cookies for a quick snack? And if you're making Chocolate-Covered Cherry Brownies, it's probably best to make only three…. |
|
|
ICD-9-CM 2007 Hospital Coders Choice, by Practice Management Information Corporation, Volumes 1, 2 and 3 $69.85 This book is in Good Used condition |
|
|
General Douglas Macarthur, Looking over a Batch of Communist Prisoners $49.99 General Douglas Macarthur, Looking over a Batch of Communist Prisoners – Photographic Print |
|
|
The Complete Book of Small-batch Preserving $12.93 The easiest and safest methods for making delectable preserves in small batches — all year long."Takes the pressure off cooks who don`t have much time… but still want to savor the season`s bounty."-Chicago Tribune (Review of the prior edition) The Complete Book of Small-Batch Preserving takes the guesswork out of home preserving. Both beginners and pros can make the most of fresh fruits and vegetables when these are readily available and inexpensive. Because these recipes require a minimum of time and fuss, home cooks will enjoy creating the preserves almost as much as everyone will enjoy tasting them.Included are both traditional and new recipes. Detailed instructions provide the safest and latest processing methods. Some recipes are suitable for microwaves. A brand new chapter features freezer preserving as an alternative to the traditional methods. The more than 300 enticing recipes include:Jams, jellies and low-sugar spreadsConserves, butters and curdsPickles, relishes and chutneysSalsas, mustards and marinadesFlavored oilsDessert sauces, syrups and liqueurs.With delectable recipes and professional tips, The Complete Book of Small-Batch Preserving is the ideal guide for anyone who craves home-made preserves but doesn`t want to spend all day in the kitchen. |
|
|
4M 2006 – Second International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture $98 This work covers the latest state-of-the-art research results from leading European researchers in advanced micro technologies for batch processing of metals, polymers, and ceramics, and the development of new production platforms for micro systems-based products.These contributions are from leading authors at a platform endorsed and funded by the European Union R&D community, as well as leading universities, and independent research and corporate organizations. This comprehensive collection of indexed and peer reviewed articles contains a CD with search functionality.• Contains authoritative papers that reflect the latest developments in micro technologies and micro systems-based products• Includes a user-friendly CD Rom with search functionality |
|
|
4m 2006 – Second International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture $132.54 This work covers the latest state-of-the-art research results from leading European researchers in advanced micro technologies for batch processing of metals, polymers, and ceramics, and the development of new production platforms for micro systems-based products.These contributions are from leading authors at a platform endorsed and funded by the European Union R&D community, as well as leading universities, and independent research and corporate organizations. This comprehensive collection of indexed and peer reviewed articles contains a CD with search functionality. * Contains authoritative papers that reflect the latest developments in micro technologies and micro systems-based products* Includes a user-friendly CD Rom with search functionality |
|
|
Chemical Reactions and Processes under Flow Conditions $92.9 Pharmaceutical and fine chemical products are typically synthesised batchwise which is an anomaly since batch processes have a series of practical and economical disadvantages. On the contrary, flow continuous processes present a series of advantages leading to new ways to synthesise chemical products. Flow processes – • enable control reaction parameters more precisely (temperature, residence time, amount of reagents and solvent etc.), leading to better reproducibility, safer and more reliable processes • can be performed more advantageously using immobilized reagents or catalysts • improve the selectivity and productivity of the process and possibly even the stability of the catalyst • offer opportunities for heat exchange and energy conservation as well as an easy separation and recycling of the reactants and products by adequate process design • achieve multistep syntheses by assembling a line of reactors with minimum or no purification in between two reaction steps • can be assured by facile automation • scale-up can be easily conducted by number-up With all the new research activity in manufacturing chemical products, this comprehensive book is very timely, as it summarises the latest trends in organic synthesis. It gives an insight into flow continuous processes, outlining the basic concepts and explaining the terminology of, and systems approach to, process design dealing with both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and mini- or micro-reactors. The book contains case studies, extensive bibliographies and reference lists in each chapter to enable the reader to grasp the contents and to go on to more detailed texts on specific subjects if desired. The book is written by both organic chemists and engineers giving a multidisciplinary vision of the new tools and methodologies in this field. It is essential reading for organic chemists (in industry or academia) working alongside chemical |
|
|
Complete Dissolution And Oxidation Of Organic Wastes In Water $90 This book is about using supercritical water (SCW) process to dissolve organic wastes, and subsequent using oxygen to completely destroy the wastes by homogeneous oxidation. First, properties of SCW were introduced, and its peculiar properties were used to dissolve organics for oxidation. Phase behavior of pure organics were studied in an optical micro-reactor diamond anvil cell (DAC) coupled with optical & FT-IR microscopes. Oxidation experiments in SCW were performed in larger batch and flow reactors for complex wastes. From the visual observations in the DAC, homogeneous phases with water were found for cellulose, naphthalene, benzo(a)pyrene and polystyrene. Complete dissolution of decachlorobiphenyl occurred only when O2/Na2CO3 was present. The homogeneous conditions were used for the oxidation of a complex De-inking sludge waste that was mainly composed of the above pure organics and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd) in larger reactors. It was found that all organics in the sludge could be almost completely oxidized. The heavy metal salts were effectively removed by precipitation to insoluble oxides and salts with little leachability. |
|
|
Crystallization $221.64 Since the first publication of this definitive work nearly 40 years ago, this fourth edition has been completely rewritten. Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. Incorporating all the recent developments and applications of crystallization technology, Crystallization gives clear accounts of the underlying principles, a review of the past and current research themes and guidelines for equipment and process design. This new edition introduces and enlarges upon such subjects as: 7 Control and Separation of polymorphs and chiral crystals7 Micro- and macro-mixing and the use of computer fluid dynamics7 Seeding and secondary nucleation in batch crystallization processes7 Incorporation of upstream and downstream requirements into design procedures for crystallization plant7 Computer-aided molecular design and its use in crystal habit modifier selection Crystallization provides a comprehensive overview of the subject and will prove invaluable to all chemical engineers and industrial chemists in the process industries as well as crystallization workers and students in industry and academia. Crystallization is written with the precision and clarity of style that is John Mullin’s hallmark – a special feature being the large number of appendices that provide relevant physical property data. Covers all new developments and trends in crystallization. Comprehensive coverage of subject area. |
|
|
Design and characterization of silicon micromechanical resonators. $49.99 The need for miniaturized frequency-selective components in electronic systems is clear. The questions are whether and how micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) can satisfy the need. This dissertation aims to address these questions from a scientific perspective. Silicon is the focus of this work, as it can benefit from scaling of the semiconductor industry. Silicon also offers many technical advantages. The characteristics of silicon resonators from 32 kHz to 1 GHz are described. The temperature stability and phase noise of a 6-MHz temperature-compensated oscillator and a 100-MHz temperature-controlled oscillator are reported.;Silicon resonators are discussed in the context of frequency references. Resonator design and characterization, with a focus on quality factor, linearity, and the electrical equivalent circuit, are included. Electrical tuning, electromechanical coupling, finite element modeling, and unexpected findings of these resonators are also described. A manufacturability technique employing batch process compensation is demonstrated.;The significance of this work will be unknown for some time. The frequency control and timing industry is not transparent to many researchers, suppliers, and end-users. The applications and their requirements vary across the gamut. The answer to whether MEMS is beneficial to the industry is a resounding ‘Yes!’ The aim of this research is to explore the fundamental limitations, provide a foundation for future work, and also paint a clearer picture on how micromechanical resonators can complement alternative technologies. |
|
|
Design and characterization of silicon micromechanical resonators. $49.99 The need for miniaturized frequency-selective components in electronic systems is clear. The questions are whether and how micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) can satisfy the need. This dissertation aims to address these questions from a scientific perspective. Silicon is the focus of this work, as it can benefit from scaling of the semiconductor industry. Silicon also offers many technical advantages. The characteristics of silicon resonators from 32 kHz to 1 GHz are described. The temperature stability and phase noise of a 6-MHz temperature-compensated oscillator and a 100-MHz temperature-controlled oscillator are reported.;Silicon resonators are discussed in the context of frequency references. Resonator design and characterization, with a focus on quality factor, linearity, and the electrical equivalent circuit, are included. Electrical tuning, electromechanical coupling, finite element modeling, and unexpected findings of these resonators are also described. A manufacturability technique employing batch process compensation is demonstrated.;The significance of this work will be unknown for some time. The frequency control and timing industry is not transparent to many researchers, suppliers, and end-users. The applications and their requirements vary across the gamut. The answer to whether MEMS is beneficial to the industry is a resounding ‘Yes!’ The aim of this research is to explore the fundamental limitations, provide a foundation for future work, and also paint a clearer picture on how micromechanical resonators can complement alternative technologies. |
|
|
Heffys All Natural BBQ Sauce – 15.5 oz. Bottle $6.99 Heffys 15.5 Ounce BBQ SauceComplete your barbeque cooking with Heffys 15.5 Ounce BBQ Sauce. Each sauce is made from ingredients found in Kansas City. Every batch of this micro-crafted sauce is taste tested to ensure quality taste and flavor. Features:Original. Subtly sweet, yet spicy. Well-balanced and versatile. Hot & Spicy. Habenero pepper increases the heat for a spicy kick. Sweet Mesquite. Brown sugar and honey give this sauce an extra touch of sweetness. |
|
|
High resolution lithography-compatible micro-electro-discharge machining of bulk metal foils for micro-electro-mechanical systems. $49.99 The application of batch mode micro-electro-discharge machining (microEDM) to the fabrication of micro-electro-mechanical systems has opened the door to lithographically compatible precision machining of all bulk metals. High volume applications in biomedical, communications, and consumer electronics devices are enabled by this technology. This dissertation explores the capabilities, limitations, and further improvement of high density batch mode microEDM. There are four parts to this effort described below. A machining resolution study of high density features in stainless steel identifies the design space. Lithographically fabricated copper tools with single cross, parallel line, and circle/square array features of 5–100microm width and 5–75microm spacing were used. The observed discharge gap varies with shape, spacing, and feature location from 3.8–8microm. As tool feature density is increased, debris accumulation effects begin to dominate, eventually degrading both tool and workpiece. Two new techniques for mitigating this debris build-up are separately investigated. The first is a silicon passivation coating which suppresses spurious discharges triggered from the sidewalls of the machining tool. By this method, for high density batch machining, mean tool wear rate decreases from a typical rate of about 34% to 1.7% and machining non-uniformity reduces from 4.9microm to 1.1microm across the workpiece. The second involves a two-step machining process that enhances the hydraulic removal of machining debris and therefore throughput. Wireless RF signals are inherently emitted by the micro-discharge process. This thesis describes the first reported wireless detection of debris accumulation during microEDM, enabling direct monitoring of machining quality in real time with 5dBm signal drop. The first wireless detection of the interface between two stacked metals during microEDM is also reported giving a 10dBm signal change. The technique enables direct monitoring of |
|
|
High resolution lithography-compatible micro-electro-discharge machining of bulk metal foils for micro-electro-mechanical systems. $49.99 The application of batch mode micro-electro-discharge machining (microEDM) to the fabrication of micro-electro-mechanical systems has opened the door to lithographically compatible precision machining of all bulk metals. High volume applications in biomedical, communications, and consumer electronics devices are enabled by this technology. This dissertation explores the capabilities, limitations, and further improvement of high density batch mode microEDM. There are four parts to this effort described below. A machining resolution study of high density features in stainless steel identifies the design space. Lithographically fabricated copper tools with single cross, parallel line, and circle/square array features of 5–100microm width and 5–75microm spacing were used. The observed discharge gap varies with shape, spacing, and feature location from 3.8–8microm. As tool feature density is increased, debris accumulation effects begin to dominate, eventually degrading both tool and workpiece. Two new techniques for mitigating this debris build-up are separately investigated. The first is a silicon passivation coating which suppresses spurious discharges triggered from the sidewalls of the machining tool. By this method, for high density batch machining, mean tool wear rate decreases from a typical rate of about 34% to 1.7% and machining non-uniformity reduces from 4.9microm to 1.1microm across the workpiece. The second involves a two-step machining process that enhances the hydraulic removal of machining debris and therefore throughput. Wireless RF signals are inherently emitted by the micro-discharge process. This thesis describes the first reported wireless detection of debris accumulation during microEDM, enabling direct monitoring of machining quality in real time with 5dBm signal drop. The first wireless detection of the interface between two stacked metals during microEDM is also reported giving a 10dBm signal change. The technique enables direct monitoring of |
|
|
Laminated chemical and physical micro-jet actuators based on conductive media. $49.99 This dissertation presents the development of electrically-powered, lamination-based microactuators for the realization of large arrays of high impulse and short duration micro-jets with potential applications in the field of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Microactuators offer unique control opportunities by converting the input electrical or chemical energy stored in a propellant into useful mechanical energy. This small and precise control obtained can potentially be applied towards aerodynamic control and transdermal drug delivery applications. This thesis work discusses the feasibility of using microactuators for two such applications: Control of the motion of a spinning projectile by utilizing the chemically-driven microjets ejected from the actuators, and enhancement of the permeability properties of skin by selectively ablating the stratum corneum layer of skin using the physical microjets ejected from the actuators. This enhanced permeability of skin can later be used for the delivery of high molecular weight drugs for transdermal drug delivery.;The development of electrically powered microactuators starts by fabricating an array of radially firing microactuators using lamination-based microfabrication techniques that potentially enable batch fabrication at low cost. The microactuators of this thesis consist of three main parts: a micro chamber in which the propellant is stored; two electrode structures through which electrical energy is supplied to the propellant; and a micro nozzle through which the propellant or released gases from the propellant are expanded as a jet. Once the actuators are fabricated, they are integrated with MEMS-process-compatible propellants and optimized so as to produce instantaneous ignition of the propellant. This instantaneous ignition is achieved either by making the propellant itself conductive, thus, passing an electric current directly through the propellant; or by discharging an arc across the propellant by |
|
|
Laminated chemical and physical micro-jet actuators based on conductive media. $49.99 This dissertation presents the development of electrically-powered, lamination-based microactuators for the realization of large arrays of high impulse and short duration micro-jets with potential applications in the field of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Microactuators offer unique control opportunities by converting the input electrical or chemical energy stored in a propellant into useful mechanical energy. This small and precise control obtained can potentially be applied towards aerodynamic control and transdermal drug delivery applications. This thesis work discusses the feasibility of using microactuators for two such applications: Control of the motion of a spinning projectile by utilizing the chemically-driven microjets ejected from the actuators, and enhancement of the permeability properties of skin by selectively ablating the stratum corneum layer of skin using the physical microjets ejected from the actuators. This enhanced permeability of skin can later be used for the delivery of high molecular weight drugs for transdermal drug delivery.;The development of electrically powered microactuators starts by fabricating an array of radially firing microactuators using lamination-based microfabrication techniques that potentially enable batch fabrication at low cost. The microactuators of this thesis consist of three main parts: a micro chamber in which the propellant is stored; two electrode structures through which electrical energy is supplied to the propellant; and a micro nozzle through which the propellant or released gases from the propellant are expanded as a jet. Once the actuators are fabricated, they are integrated with MEMS-process-compatible propellants and optimized so as to produce instantaneous ignition of the propellant. This instantaneous ignition is achieved either by making the propellant itself conductive, thus, passing an electric current directly through the propellant; or by discharging an arc across the propellant by |
|
|
Liquid Detergents $206.05 A bestseller in its first edition, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition captures the most significant advances since 1996, maintaining its reputation as a first-stop reference in all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents.Featuring new material and updates in every chapter, the book expands its coverage of emulsions to include nanoemulsions, adds new data to elucidate the rheology of current commercial detergent raw materials as compared to finished products, and offers a more complete theoretical treatment of the aggregation in non-aqueous solvents. The book now covers all rheology modifiers and thickeners for detergent applications, antibacterial and sensorial light-duty liquid products, color/fabric care and wrinkle reduction in heavy-duty liquid detergents, and household cleaning wipes in specialty liquid household surface cleaners. Rewriting the chapters on the latest improvements and growing benefits in fabric softeners, liquid hand soaps and body washes, and shampoos and conditioners, the latter contains extensive summaries of patents for various new products and technologies. The final chapter, dedicated to the manufacturing of liquid detergents, offers a discussion on continuous vs. batch processes and micro-contamination.The most comprehensive guide of its kind, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition, is a balanced and practical reference that will continue to inspire students, researchers, chemists, and product developers in detergent industry, surfactant science and industrial chemistry. |
|
|
Micro Reaction Technology in Organic Synthesis $139.95 While continuous processes have found widespread application within chemical production, members of the research and development communities have historically favored the centuries old technique of iterative batch reactions. With the exception of combinatorial and microwave chemistry, little had been done to change the way that synthetic chemists conduct their research. However, today’s synthetic chemist is under increasing pressure to discover and deliver compounds quickly, with an eye on devising scalable synthetic methodologies. An up-to-date account of recent developments in continuous flow organic synthesis, Micro Reaction Technology in Organic Synthesis is a useful resource for those both new to, and actively researching within, the field of micro reaction technology. Written by chemists for chemists, key synthetic information takes precedence over technological detailsHighlights the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, giving the reader an idea of where future research needs to be targetedPresents a comprehensive collection of synthetic reactions that have been investigated over the past decade, therefore is a one-stop resource to the reactions and techniques that have been investigated so farWith an ever increasing number of commercial flow reaction platforms available, this book highlights the current state of the technology with the vision that more synthetic chemists will embark upon flow chemistry programs of research, facilitating the identification of novel synthetic methodologies the potential to be scaled directly to production. |
|
|
Micromachined Plastic Millimeter-Wave Radar Components $70.87 This book discusses the work aimed to develop plastic millimeter-wave components, including waveguides, tunable filters, phase shifters and antennas, toward the low-cost, batch fabrication for integrated systems for applications such as all-weather automotive and airplane landing radars. The key micromachining processes developed in this work include micro hot embossing, electroplating, polishing and bonding and as a proof of concept demonstration, micro injection molding of a plastic microneedle is also presented. |
|
|
Microthermal devices for fluidic actuation by modulation of surface tension. $49.99 Fluid manipulation at the micrometer scale has traditionally involved the use of batch-fabricated chips containing miniature channels, electrodes, pumps, and other integrated structures. This dissertation explores how liquids on non-patterned substrates can be manipulated using the Marangoni effect. By placing miniature heat sources above a liquid film, it is possible to generate micro-scale surface temperature gradients which results in controlled Marangoni flow. A variety of useful flow patterns can be designed by tailoring the geometry of the heat source.;As a surface tension-based phenomenon, the Marangoni effect is an efficient actuation mechanism at submillimeter dimensions. With optimized liquid carriers, flow velocities >10 mm/s can be generated with only small perturbations in surface temperature (<10 K). Thermally efficient microfabricated heat sources, such as polyimide thermal probes, can produce >1700 mum/s flow velocity in mineral oil while consuming <20 mW of power. In water films, the probes can generate surface doublets with linear velocities up to 5 mm/sec and rotational velocities up to 1300 rpm, making them potentially useful for active mixing.;The utility of Marangoni flows is demonstrated within the context of digital microfluidic systems. In contrast to conventional microfluidics, where samples are flowed through microchannels, digital microfluidic systems contain liquid samples in micro and nanoliter-sized droplets suspended in an immiscible oil layer. Marangoni flows generated in the oil layer can manipulate droplets without any physical structures, thus avoiding surface contamination. By using point, linear, annular, and tapered heat source geometries, it is possible to engineer Marangoni flows which mimic the functionality of droplet channels, mixers, size-selective filters, and pumps. Arbitrary, two-dimensional actuation of droplets (phi=400-1000 mum) can also be achieved using an array of heaters suspended above the oil |
|
|
Microthermal devices for fluidic actuation by modulation of surface tension. $49.99 Fluid manipulation at the micrometer scale has traditionally involved the use of batch-fabricated chips containing miniature channels, electrodes, pumps, and other integrated structures. This dissertation explores how liquids on non-patterned substrates can be manipulated using the Marangoni effect. By placing miniature heat sources above a liquid film, it is possible to generate micro-scale surface temperature gradients which results in controlled Marangoni flow. A variety of useful flow patterns can be designed by tailoring the geometry of the heat source.;As a surface tension-based phenomenon, the Marangoni effect is an efficient actuation mechanism at submillimeter dimensions. With optimized liquid carriers, flow velocities >10 mm/s can be generated with only small perturbations in surface temperature (<10 K). Thermally efficient microfabricated heat sources, such as polyimide thermal probes, can produce >1700 mum/s flow velocity in mineral oil while consuming <20 mW of power. In water films, the probes can generate surface doublets with linear velocities up to 5 mm/sec and rotational velocities up to 1300 rpm, making them potentially useful for active mixing.;The utility of Marangoni flows is demonstrated within the context of digital microfluidic systems. In contrast to conventional microfluidics, where samples are flowed through microchannels, digital microfluidic systems contain liquid samples in micro and nanoliter-sized droplets suspended in an immiscible oil layer. Marangoni flows generated in the oil layer can manipulate droplets without any physical structures, thus avoiding surface contamination. By using point, linear, annular, and tapered heat source geometries, it is possible to engineer Marangoni flows which mimic the functionality of droplet channels, mixers, size-selective filters, and pumps. Arbitrary, two-dimensional actuation of droplets (phi=400-1000 mum) can also be achieved using an array of heaters suspended above the oil |
|
|
Oceanic sea salt mix 200gal bucket Super Deal $59.49 Stir up a vibrant, crystal-clear saltwater environment for your marine life with our Oceanic Natural Sea Salt Mix. This all-natural formula is completely soluble and dissolves almost instantly.Micro-Crystal technology provides:increased water clarityminimized stress to fish and invertebratesrapid stabilization when mixed with waterComplete solubility. No salt residue.Reduced algae growth due to the absence of nitrates, phosphates, and ammonia.Natural buffering action with KH stabilizers.High calcium and magnesium concentrations provide optimal growth of fish and invertebrates.Contains natural trace elements.Every batch of Oceanic Natural Sea Salt Mix is triple tested for quality and verified by an independent testing lab.The combination of natural elements, high-grade materials, and micro-crystals guarantees a solid foundation for your successful marine aquarium. |
|
|
Rapid Production of Micro- and Nano-particles Using Supercritical Water $39.22 This book shows how to use supercritical water (SCW) to synthesize nano- and micro- oxides, inorganic salts and metal particles and its recent advancement. Also polymer/biomass particles can be produced by using the method of precipitation of solutes from SCW. The particles can be used as catalysts for biomass conversions, materials in ceramics & electronic devices and composite materials. Particles are easily produced continuously in a flow reactor in short reaction times or synthesized in a batch reactor in long reaction times. Besides the synthesis process, the book also present studies of the properties of these materials. The size, size distribution, crystal growth & structure, and morphology of particles produced by supercritical water can be controlled by the feed concentrations, pH, pressures, temperatures, heating & cooling rates, organic modifications, reducing or oxidizing atmospheres, flow rates and reaction times. |
|
|
Study on metal embedded thin film micro/nano photonic and electronic sensors. $49.99 Reliable structures and systems are critical for numerous engineering and biomedical applications, e.g. manufacturing, vehicles, and bioimplants. These systems are generally made of metals and usually operated in harsh environments such as high temperature, severe stress and aggressive chemicals. Effective monitoring and diagnosis of these structures are of critical importance. To achieve this goal, thin film micro/nano sensors can be embedded in metal structures and further integrated into the systems to protect them from the external harsh environments, and meanwhile provide measurements with desired accuracy, which cannot be achieved with the traditional sensors. This research is to develop a methodology for realizing the metal embedded thin film micro/nano photonic and electronic sensors. To demonstrate the feasibility of metal embedded micro photonic thin film sensors, optical microring resonators were designed, fabricated and further embedded into electroplated nickel. The principles of the microring resonator for temperature and strain sensing were studied. The metal embedded microring sensors were implemented using micro/nano fabrication and electroplating techniques. Characterization results illustrated that the developed sensors had superior sensitivity and spatial resolutions over traditional optical sensors. Thin film electronic sensors, e.g. K-type thin film thermocouples (TFTCs), with desirable properties, were studied in this work as well. Based on standard microfabrication and electroplating techniques, a batch fabrication process was developed to produce the metal embedded electronic sensors. Experiments validated the fact that these TFTCs provided the measurements with significantly enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions. Nanoscale size effects on the metal embedded TFTCs were investigated to allow the potential of these devices to be fully harnessed for different scale engineering applications. To extend the matrix material for sensor |
|
|
Study on metal embedded thin film micro/nano photonic and electronic sensors. $49.99 Reliable structures and systems are critical for numerous engineering and biomedical applications, e.g. manufacturing, vehicles, and bioimplants. These systems are generally made of metals and usually operated in harsh environments such as high temperature, severe stress and aggressive chemicals. Effective monitoring and diagnosis of these structures are of critical importance. To achieve this goal, thin film micro/nano sensors can be embedded in metal structures and further integrated into the systems to protect them from the external harsh environments, and meanwhile provide measurements with desired accuracy, which cannot be achieved with the traditional sensors. This research is to develop a methodology for realizing the metal embedded thin film micro/nano photonic and electronic sensors. To demonstrate the feasibility of metal embedded micro photonic thin film sensors, optical microring resonators were designed, fabricated and further embedded into electroplated nickel. The principles of the microring resonator for temperature and strain sensing were studied. The metal embedded microring sensors were implemented using micro/nano fabrication and electroplating techniques. Characterization results illustrated that the developed sensors had superior sensitivity and spatial resolutions over traditional optical sensors. Thin film electronic sensors, e.g. K-type thin film thermocouples (TFTCs), with desirable properties, were studied in this work as well. Based on standard microfabrication and electroplating techniques, a batch fabrication process was developed to produce the metal embedded electronic sensors. Experiments validated the fact that these TFTCs provided the measurements with significantly enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions. Nanoscale size effects on the metal embedded TFTCs were investigated to allow the potential of these devices to be fully harnessed for different scale engineering applications. To extend the matrix material for sensor |
|
|
Thermodynamic and kinetic restraints on the dissolution of sparingly soluble salt minerals. $108 Mineral dissolution is among the most important sets of chemical reactions that occur at and near the Earth’s surface. In recent years, efforts to understand mineral dissolution have shifted to include both macro-scale processes, in which batch reactors are used to determine bulk dissolution rates, and micro-scale processes, in which surface techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used to directly observe processes occurring on mineral surfaces during dissolution. Significant progress that links the physical processes of mineral dissolution to solution chemistry has been achieved through this approach. This study embraces the same strategy and aims at exploring the kinetic and thermodynamic constraints of mineral dissolution reactions and the relations between surface processes and bulk dissolution rates.;An experimental approach through in-situ observations by fluid cell Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of the real-time processes was used to investigate crystallographic direction-dependence behaviors of calcite and gypsum during dissolution. AFM observations show simultaneous retreat and advance of the <4¯41>+ and <4¯41>- steps on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces, indicating that steps in those two directions may have different solubilities. This result is consistent with the thermodynamic prediction that solubility (Kb) is face dependent as long as energy changes associated with the attachment of individual growth units in symmetrically unrelated directions are different. Furthermore, the measurements of critical step lengths on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces display a clearly defined inverse dependence on saturation state that closely follows the theoretical curve. These findings suggest that the direction-dependence of Kb should be taken into account if the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of monolayer steps are of interest and the size-dependence of Kb should not be ignored when nano- to |
|
|
Thermodynamic and kinetic restraints on the dissolution of sparingly soluble salt minerals. $49.99 Mineral dissolution is among the most important sets of chemical reactions that occur at and near the Earth’s surface. In recent years, efforts to understand mineral dissolution have shifted to include both macro-scale processes, in which batch reactors are used to determine bulk dissolution rates, and micro-scale processes, in which surface techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used to directly observe processes occurring on mineral surfaces during dissolution. Significant progress that links the physical processes of mineral dissolution to solution chemistry has been achieved through this approach. This study embraces the same strategy and aims at exploring the kinetic and thermodynamic constraints of mineral dissolution reactions and the relations between surface processes and bulk dissolution rates.;An experimental approach through in-situ observations by fluid cell Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of the real-time processes was used to investigate crystallographic direction-dependence behaviors of calcite and gypsum during dissolution. AFM observations show simultaneous retreat and advance of the <4¯41>+ and <4¯41>- steps on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces, indicating that steps in those two directions may have different solubilities. This result is consistent with the thermodynamic prediction that solubility (Kb) is face dependent as long as energy changes associated with the attachment of individual growth units in symmetrically unrelated directions are different. Furthermore, the measurements of critical step lengths on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces display a clearly defined inverse dependence on saturation state that closely follows the theoretical curve. These findings suggest that the direction-dependence of Kb should be taken into account if the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of monolayer steps are of interest and the size-dependence of Kb should not be ignored when nano- to |
|
|
Thermodynamic and kinetic restraints on the dissolution of sparingly soluble salt minerals. $49.99 Mineral dissolution is among the most important sets of chemical reactions that occur at and near the Earth’s surface. In recent years, efforts to understand mineral dissolution have shifted to include both macro-scale processes, in which batch reactors are used to determine bulk dissolution rates, and micro-scale processes, in which surface techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used to directly observe processes occurring on mineral surfaces during dissolution. Significant progress that links the physical processes of mineral dissolution to solution chemistry has been achieved through this approach. This study embraces the same strategy and aims at exploring the kinetic and thermodynamic constraints of mineral dissolution reactions and the relations between surface processes and bulk dissolution rates.;An experimental approach through in-situ observations by fluid cell Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) of the real-time processes was used to investigate crystallographic direction-dependence behaviors of calcite and gypsum during dissolution. AFM observations show simultaneous retreat and advance of the <4¯41>+ and <4¯41>- steps on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces, indicating that steps in those two directions may have different solubilities. This result is consistent with the thermodynamic prediction that solubility (Kb) is face dependent as long as energy changes associated with the attachment of individual growth units in symmetrically unrelated directions are different. Furthermore, the measurements of critical step lengths on calcite {lcub}101¯4{rcub} cleavage faces display a clearly defined inverse dependence on saturation state that closely follows the theoretical curve. These findings suggest that the direction-dependence of Kb should be taken into account if the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of monolayer steps are of interest and the size-dependence of Kb should not be ignored when nano- to |
|
|
Tribological properties of pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium. $69 The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the properties of a pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy for tribological applications. A test setup was created with 1.5 mm thick pseudo-elastic NiTi strips with a hard 1095 spring steel interface to study the contact and frictional response when subjected to a static load. At applied stresses less than the stress required to create stress induced martensite metallic friction with a constant value of mu = 0.2 was observed. At higher loads the value of mu increased linearly with applied stress. It is reasonable to assume that the formation of stress induced martensite phase caused the steel interface to further penetrate into the NiTi. This local shape change results in increasing the mechanical friction at the interface. Pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi was successfully sputtered onto silicon carbide coupons. The pseudo-elastic properties were confirmed with tensile tests after peeling the film off the substrate and with nanoindentation tests when the film was still on the substrate. A manufacturing process was developed to batch fabricate a 304 stainless steel interface with features that were 1-2 mum in size. This is an order of magnitude finer than the industry standard of 20-50 mum. High friction was not achieved in the micron sized steel clamping interface on pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi even though the width of the steel features were 1/5 thickness of the film. Finite element models were used to understand why a small friction coefficient was observed in the thin film samples. Results indicated that Von-Mises criteria for stress induced martensite provides substantially different penetration than criteria that are affected by hydrostatic pressure. For steel features with sharp corners resembling a micro-sized rectangular punch the presence of hydrostatic pressure prevents the formation of stress induced martensite which limits penetration. For features with rounded corners regions of pure hydrostatic |
|
|
Tribological properties of pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium. $49.99 The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the properties of a pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy for tribological applications. A test setup was created with 1.5 mm thick pseudo-elastic NiTi strips with a hard 1095 spring steel interface to study the contact and frictional response when subjected to a static load. At applied stresses less than the stress required to create stress induced martensite metallic friction with a constant value of mu = 0.2 was observed. At higher loads the value of mu increased linearly with applied stress. It is reasonable to assume that the formation of stress induced martensite phase caused the steel interface to further penetrate into the NiTi. This local shape change results in increasing the mechanical friction at the interface. Pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi was successfully sputtered onto silicon carbide coupons. The pseudo-elastic properties were confirmed with tensile tests after peeling the film off the substrate and with nanoindentation tests when the film was still on the substrate. A manufacturing process was developed to batch fabricate a 304 stainless steel interface with features that were 1-2 mum in size. This is an order of magnitude finer than the industry standard of 20-50 mum. High friction was not achieved in the micron sized steel clamping interface on pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi even though the width of the steel features were 1/5 thickness of the film. Finite element models were used to understand why a small friction coefficient was observed in the thin film samples. Results indicated that Von-Mises criteria for stress induced martensite provides substantially different penetration than criteria that are affected by hydrostatic pressure. For steel features with sharp corners resembling a micro-sized rectangular punch the presence of hydrostatic pressure prevents the formation of stress induced martensite which limits penetration. For features with rounded corners regions of pure hydrostatic |
|
|
Tribological properties of pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium. $49.99 The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the properties of a pseudo-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy for tribological applications. A test setup was created with 1.5 mm thick pseudo-elastic NiTi strips with a hard 1095 spring steel interface to study the contact and frictional response when subjected to a static load. At applied stresses less than the stress required to create stress induced martensite metallic friction with a constant value of mu = 0.2 was observed. At higher loads the value of mu increased linearly with applied stress. It is reasonable to assume that the formation of stress induced martensite phase caused the steel interface to further penetrate into the NiTi. This local shape change results in increasing the mechanical friction at the interface. Pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi was successfully sputtered onto silicon carbide coupons. The pseudo-elastic properties were confirmed with tensile tests after peeling the film off the substrate and with nanoindentation tests when the film was still on the substrate. A manufacturing process was developed to batch fabricate a 304 stainless steel interface with features that were 1-2 mum in size. This is an order of magnitude finer than the industry standard of 20-50 mum. High friction was not achieved in the micron sized steel clamping interface on pseudo-elastic thin film NiTi even though the width of the steel features were 1/5 thickness of the film. Finite element models were used to understand why a small friction coefficient was observed in the thin film samples. Results indicated that Von-Mises criteria for stress induced martensite provides substantially different penetration than criteria that are affected by hydrostatic pressure. For steel features with sharp corners resembling a micro-sized rectangular punch the presence of hydrostatic pressure prevents the formation of stress induced martensite which limits penetration. For features with rounded corners regions of pure hydrostatic |
|
|
Ultrasonic batch mode micromachining and its application to piezoelectric sensors for fine needle aspiration biopsy. $49.99 The development of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is constrained by the range of materials that can be processed lithographically. Bulk ceramics (including piezoceramics) are of particular interest due to unique properties for application to micromachined transducers and packages. This effort has two goals: the development of lithography-compatible batch-mode micro ultrasonic machining (microUSM) of bulk ceramics; and the demonstration of this technology by its application to piezoelectric sensors for guiding fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy.;The new micromachining process, LEEDUS, uses lithography, electroplating and batch micro-electro-discharge machining (muEDM) to define stainless-steel microtools, which are then used in batch muUSM of ceramic substrates. This die-scale pattern transfer provides high throughput and resolution. A related process (SEDUS) uses serial muEDM without lithography for rapid prototyping of simple patterns. A computer-controlled muUSM apparatus with force feedback is developed as part of this effort. Die-scale patterns with 25mum feature sizes can be transferred onto Macor(TM) ceramics at a machining rate of >18 mum/min. Other process characteristics are also described. Spiral in-plane actuators are machined from bulk lead zirconate titanate (PZT) for demonstration purposes.;The process is applied to piezoelectric sensors integrated on biopsy needles to aid in real-time tissue differentiation during FNA biopsy, which is challenging because of the precision required to obtain samples from small target tissue volumes. The 200microm-diameter and 50microm-thick sensors are batch-fabricated from bulk PZT and located on a steel diaphragm formed at the needle tip by muEDM. Tissue contrast detection is demonstrated, showing resonance-frequency shifts (≈13MHz) in sensor impedance when the needle is moved between tissue layers (porcine fat/muscle). In vitro characterization shows proportional relationship between the frequency |
|
|
Ultrasonic batch mode micromachining and its application to piezoelectric sensors for fine needle aspiration biopsy. $49.99 The development of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) is constrained by the range of materials that can be processed lithographically. Bulk ceramics (including piezoceramics) are of particular interest due to unique properties for application to micromachined transducers and packages. This effort has two goals: the development of lithography-compatible batch-mode micro ultrasonic machining (microUSM) of bulk ceramics; and the demonstration of this technology by its application to piezoelectric sensors for guiding fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy.;The new micromachining process, LEEDUS, uses lithography, electroplating and batch micro-electro-discharge machining (muEDM) to define stainless-steel microtools, which are then used in batch muUSM of ceramic substrates. This die-scale pattern transfer provides high throughput and resolution. A related process (SEDUS) uses serial muEDM without lithography for rapid prototyping of simple patterns. A computer-controlled muUSM apparatus with force feedback is developed as part of this effort. Die-scale patterns with 25mum feature sizes can be transferred onto Macor(TM) ceramics at a machining rate of >18 mum/min. Other process characteristics are also described. Spiral in-plane actuators are machined from bulk lead zirconate titanate (PZT) for demonstration purposes.;The process is applied to piezoelectric sensors integrated on biopsy needles to aid in real-time tissue differentiation during FNA biopsy, which is challenging because of the precision required to obtain samples from small target tissue volumes. The 200microm-diameter and 50microm-thick sensors are batch-fabricated from bulk PZT and located on a steel diaphragm formed at the needle tip by muEDM. Tissue contrast detection is demonstrated, showing resonance-frequency shifts (≈13MHz) in sensor impedance when the needle is moved between tissue layers (porcine fat/muscle). In vitro characterization shows proportional relationship between the frequency |
